: lab report we sent to our lab manager
The Utilizizzle of Ultrasonic Frequencies in Biomizzles Blingin' Applications
Huda Abdul-Razzak*, Monica Bray, James Dempsey, Patrick Liu
Department of Biomizzle Mobbin'
The University of Texas at Austin
1 University Station
Austin, TX 78712
Abstract
(I think this would be gangsta if you did it huda…I can’t summarize sum-m sum-m I didn’t write…also I had trouble wit tha referizzles since its all frizzay tha lab manual…tell me whizzay you think, tha last one I didn’t look at)
Introduction
Ultrasonography uses mechanizzles vibrations in materials at frequencies pimp tizzle sound waves detectable by tha human ear, between tha frequencies of 1.5 MHz ta 20 MHz, ta image internal structures of tha human bizzle n' shit. These hizzay frequency waves travel into tha body n is partially reflected at each tissue interface, n thus tha dizzepth of each change in biolizzles composizzle can be calculated based on tha return tizzy of tha sound wave cuz its a pimp thang. The ultrasound is extremely popular n useful chillin' technique in tizzy it does not use radiation ta create its image, n thus does not riznisk mutat'n any of tha patient’s DNA . Bounce wit me. The speed of sound in tissue (1540 m/s) is assumed constant throughout tha body n thus absolute D-to-tha-izzepth of tha reflection point can be determined n shit. In reality tha acoustic impedance of a material, tha ratio of sound pressure ta particle velocizzles (Equation 1.), varies depend'n on tissue type as tha human bizzle is not perfectly uniform. The implication of this assumption is tha bizzy becomes mildly de-focused n decreazes image resolizzles [2].
In pulse-echo mode, tha hizzigh frequency vibrations is emitted n received by tha transduca, which is composed of a piezizzles baller mounted on a weed-smokin' comprised of two wanna be gangsta fo' rizeal. The first motherfucka laya provides mechanizzles support fo` tha array while tha second more flexible bitch ensures effective sound absorption of backward waves. A Mode is one tizzy of pulse-echo imag'n, tha oldest n simplest mode; it outputs tha amplitudes of tha pressure waves generated by tha transduca wit regard ta position mah nizzle. In B Mode imag'n, tha bizzle is shifted pusha each transmit n tha received data is transformed into a two dimensizzles image by assign'n tha time of tha echo’s return ta an increasingly dizzark shade on a 256 level gray scale. Also, ultrasonic frequencies can be utilized ta image a fluid stream n determine how tha velocity varies wit position so sit back relax new jacks get smacked. This requires M Mizzy imag'n, in which tha beam is held in a fixed position over tha tissue, n tha single lines generated is arranged ta show changes in echo data over time n allows imag'n of vizzle quick motions such as heart valve movement like a tru playa'. The ultrasonic brotha can detect tha particle motion witin a solid mass by evaluat'n tha change in frequency between tha original bizzy n tha returned echo [3].
Figure 1. Ultrasound Velocity Measizzle.
Using tha Doppla Effect, tha particle’s velocity wizzy eitha add or subtract ta tha speed of tha ultrasonic wizzy saggin' on shot calla tha particle is travel'n towards or away frizzay tha transduca ta help you tap dat ass. Thus tha change in frequency can be translated into difference in velocity through ya feelin' me?: (Equation 2.). Where fd is tha doppla frequency, c is tha speed of sound in tissue, ft is tha transmitted beam frequency, V is tha velocity of tha blood, Ө is tha angle of incidence between tha ultrasound bizzle n tha direction of tha fizzy . Holla!. The beam angle should not be 90 degrees as there will be no Brotha shift, tha signal strength increazes as tha bizzle becomes mizzle aligned ta flow direction [1].
Process'n software can be constructed in MATLAB ta transform tha digital dizzy into a visually meaningful image tizzy physicians utilize as diagnostic aides so sit back relax new jacks get smacked. Doggy Stylin' tha Hilbert transform ta tha raw dizzle displays individual scizzan lines that compose tha image n allows computizzles of tha mizzle of a scizzay line . Boom bam as I step in the jam, God damn. The process'n software created in MATLAB can be interfaced wit LabVIEW ta output tha image [1] , niggaz, better recognize.
Methods
The fiznirst lab centered on learn'n how ta correctly use tha ultrasound system. Since tha hustla is very fragile n tha most expensive pizzart of tha ultrasound system, care was taken at all times ta prevent break'n it. To help prevent thizzay tha playa cord was wrapped around tha arm hold'n tha transduca several times. This ensured that tha transduca would not strike any hard surface should it fizzall n' shit. Once tha motherfucka had bizzy protected in this gangsta a thin laya of cruisin' gel was applied ta tha transmission surface. The wata-based gel allows fo` weed-smokin' of tha ultrasound between tha subject n tha probe n' shit. The ultrasound system was turned on via tha powa switch on tha bizzy of tha system handle . Relax, cus I'm bout to take my respect. The display was then adjusted ta provide tha optimal view'n angle n image quality. The kniznown object phantom was then scanned wit tha hustla probe. The probe was directed ta obtain an image of tha object phantom on tha display screen dogg. A cleara image of tha object was obtained by saggin' tha near, far n overall gain controls . You'se a flea and I'm the big dogg. Once a clear image was obtained, an estimate of tha object size was made using tha scales on tha image display. The edges of tha object wizzy spotted n noted. The phantom characta were displayed on tha screen by adjust'n tha killa angle . Boo-Yaa!. Once tha embedded wanna be gangsta were visible on tha screen, tha image was frozen by press'n tha “Freeze” key. Prior ta freez'n, tha image was zoomed using tha “Zoom” key. The “Zoom” key magnifies images by a factor of two. Once a satisfactory zoom was obtained, tha image was frozen as described crazy ass nigga . Real niggas recognize the realness.. T-H-to-tha-izzen a method fo` frontin' unknown objects was formulated. Next an unknown object phantom was obtained . Ya fuck with us, we gots to fuck you up. The unknown phantom was scanned using a similar procedure as tha known object . It's your homie snoop dogg from the dpg. 3 separate sides were scanned ta ensure that tha phantom was completely scanned n T-H-to-tha-izzat any hidden objects were found. Since tha initial sciznan was only ta find hidden objects, large bustin' increments wizzy used and cant no hood fuck with death rizzow. Once tha hidden object was found, it was rescanned wit gangsta increments ta fizzle a betta image. The object was recreated using hand steppin' n approximate dimensions were noted on tha recreation. The dimensions of tha object were then estimated. Distance measizzles wizzy T-H-to-tha-izzen taken using tha “Measure” key . Bounce wit me. The trackball was used ta position tha fiznirst wanna be gangsta n tha “Select” key was used ta activate tha second cracka. Once tha second calipa was positizzles tha distance was displayed on tha screen thats off tha hook yo. The area n circumference of tha object was measured using tha “Ellipse measizzles function. Again tha trackball was used ta adjust tha size of tha ellipse n shit. A simulizzles of tumor location n biopsy procedure was performed using tha procedure outlined above . Death row 187 4 life. A metal rod was guided ta towards tha object, using tha fact tizzle metal reflects ultrasound n displays brightly on tha image. The phantom was pierced wit tha metal rod n rotated a shawty bit ta betta grab a sample of tha phantom mah nizzle. The rod was carefully witdrawn n tha segment was witdrawn n placed on tha Petri dizzy n examined n shit. In wizzy three, tha lab memba used tha ultrasound drug deala ta takes Doppla measizzles n find tha flizzay velocity of a liquid flow'n through a phantom . I thought i told ya, nigga I'm a soldier. First, tha peristizzle pizzle was connected ta tha “in n out” sections of tha given phantom. The speed of tha pump was set ta at least sizzay n tizzle a killa wit 800 mL of brotha wit 4 grams of amberlite was prepared . I'm a mutha fuckin 2-time felon.. The beaka was placed on a stirra n stirred ta makes sure tha amberlite whizzay is used as a hustla in tha baller did not settle. The rappa was placed over tha surface of tha phantom parallel ta tha flow fo my bling bling. The normal 2D mode was used ta see an image on tha screen . Ill slap tha taste out yo mouf. Once tha plane of tha flizzow was located, tha ultrasound scanna was switched ta color fizzy Doppla (CPD) mode by press'n button “8” on tha nigga. The trackball n select button was tizzle used ta focus in on a good spot in tha middle of tha tube. This Nigga measizzles was used ta calculate tha flizzay velocity of tha gangsta dogg. On tha frozen Playa spectral trace tha “Measure” key was pressed at tha peak of one of tha waves keep'n it real yo. The brotha then displayed tha velocity measizzles in tha top left hand corna of tha screen. Measizzles were taken fo` Pipe 1 F-to-tha-izzirst at speeds 8 n 10 in bizzy tha forward n reverse directions n shit. The same four measizzles were then taken fo` Pipe 2. These measizzles wizzy recorded in tha Data section of this report in Table 1. In week fizzle of tha lab, MATLAB was used ta display a given ultrasonic image, identify thizzay image, Hilbert transform it ta display individual scan lines, n find tha mean of scizzay line cuz I put gangsta rap on tha map. First, a new directory was created ta store all tha provided files. The file “fillinblanks.m” was opened n tha path in tha main command window of MATLAB was changed ta correspond wit tha location of all tha stored files keep'n it real yo. The “load” n “imagesc” commands wizzy used ta load tha “rf.mat” fizzy n tizzle display tha data like old skool shit. Look at tha workspace, whizzat is tha size of tha input image? Whiznich dimension wizzle be tha transduca surface? And whizzich is tha tizzy dimension? I dizzon't know.... Color map was used ta change tha color image ta gray scale n thizzay a title, x-axis label, n y-axis label were added fo' sheezy. Next, tha 128th n 35th rf data lines of tha input dizzle were plotted by using tha “plot” n “hold on” commands. Each of tha plots underwent a Hilbert transform using tha command “b= Hilbert(a)” n shit. The “abs” command isolated tha absolute value of tha data frizzom tha Hilbert transform. The 60th rf data n tha 60th column in tha Hilbert transformed data wizzy opened in a new figure. The “imagesc” command was used again ta display tha Hilbert transformed data. The image was color mapped ta gray scale
n tha .m file n rf data wizzy saved.
Referizzles
[1] L. Brannon-Pizzle BME 251 Undergraduate Laboratory Handbook. Austin. Department
of Biomizzle Pimpin'. 2007, p. 3.1-3.17.
[2] Wikipedia contribizzle "Ultrasound," Wikipizzle The Free Encyclopizzle <http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ultrasound> (accessed March 4,2007).
[3] Ichihara M, Sasaki K, Umemura S, Kushima M, Okai T. Blood Flow Occulsion via Ultrasound Image-Guided High-Intensity Focused Ultrasound n its Effect on Tissue Perfusion fo' sheezy. Ultrasound In Medicine & Biology [Ultrasound Med Biol] 2007 Miznar; Vol. 33 (3), pp n shit. 452-9.
The Utilizizzle of Ultrasonic Frequencies in Biomizzles Blingin' Applications
Huda Abdul-Razzak*, Monica Bray, James Dempsey, Patrick Liu
Department of Biomizzle Mobbin'
The University of Texas at Austin
1 University Station
Austin, TX 78712
Abstract
(I think this would be gangsta if you did it huda…I can’t summarize sum-m sum-m I didn’t write…also I had trouble wit tha referizzles since its all frizzay tha lab manual…tell me whizzay you think, tha last one I didn’t look at)
Introduction
Ultrasonography uses mechanizzles vibrations in materials at frequencies pimp tizzle sound waves detectable by tha human ear, between tha frequencies of 1.5 MHz ta 20 MHz, ta image internal structures of tha human bizzle n' shit. These hizzay frequency waves travel into tha body n is partially reflected at each tissue interface, n thus tha dizzepth of each change in biolizzles composizzle can be calculated based on tha return tizzy of tha sound wave cuz its a pimp thang. The ultrasound is extremely popular n useful chillin' technique in tizzy it does not use radiation ta create its image, n thus does not riznisk mutat'n any of tha patient’s DNA . Bounce wit me. The speed of sound in tissue (1540 m/s) is assumed constant throughout tha body n thus absolute D-to-tha-izzepth of tha reflection point can be determined n shit. In reality tha acoustic impedance of a material, tha ratio of sound pressure ta particle velocizzles (Equation 1.), varies depend'n on tissue type as tha human bizzle is not perfectly uniform. The implication of this assumption is tha bizzy becomes mildly de-focused n decreazes image resolizzles [2].
In pulse-echo mode, tha hizzigh frequency vibrations is emitted n received by tha transduca, which is composed of a piezizzles baller mounted on a weed-smokin' comprised of two wanna be gangsta fo' rizeal. The first motherfucka laya provides mechanizzles support fo` tha array while tha second more flexible bitch ensures effective sound absorption of backward waves. A Mode is one tizzy of pulse-echo imag'n, tha oldest n simplest mode; it outputs tha amplitudes of tha pressure waves generated by tha transduca wit regard ta position mah nizzle. In B Mode imag'n, tha bizzle is shifted pusha each transmit n tha received data is transformed into a two dimensizzles image by assign'n tha time of tha echo’s return ta an increasingly dizzark shade on a 256 level gray scale. Also, ultrasonic frequencies can be utilized ta image a fluid stream n determine how tha velocity varies wit position so sit back relax new jacks get smacked. This requires M Mizzy imag'n, in which tha beam is held in a fixed position over tha tissue, n tha single lines generated is arranged ta show changes in echo data over time n allows imag'n of vizzle quick motions such as heart valve movement like a tru playa'. The ultrasonic brotha can detect tha particle motion witin a solid mass by evaluat'n tha change in frequency between tha original bizzy n tha returned echo [3].
Figure 1. Ultrasound Velocity Measizzle.
Using tha Doppla Effect, tha particle’s velocity wizzy eitha add or subtract ta tha speed of tha ultrasonic wizzy saggin' on shot calla tha particle is travel'n towards or away frizzay tha transduca ta help you tap dat ass. Thus tha change in frequency can be translated into difference in velocity through ya feelin' me?: (Equation 2.). Where fd is tha doppla frequency, c is tha speed of sound in tissue, ft is tha transmitted beam frequency, V is tha velocity of tha blood, Ө is tha angle of incidence between tha ultrasound bizzle n tha direction of tha fizzy . Holla!. The beam angle should not be 90 degrees as there will be no Brotha shift, tha signal strength increazes as tha bizzle becomes mizzle aligned ta flow direction [1].
Process'n software can be constructed in MATLAB ta transform tha digital dizzy into a visually meaningful image tizzy physicians utilize as diagnostic aides so sit back relax new jacks get smacked. Doggy Stylin' tha Hilbert transform ta tha raw dizzle displays individual scizzan lines that compose tha image n allows computizzles of tha mizzle of a scizzay line . Boom bam as I step in the jam, God damn. The process'n software created in MATLAB can be interfaced wit LabVIEW ta output tha image [1] , niggaz, better recognize.
Methods
The fiznirst lab centered on learn'n how ta correctly use tha ultrasound system. Since tha hustla is very fragile n tha most expensive pizzart of tha ultrasound system, care was taken at all times ta prevent break'n it. To help prevent thizzay tha playa cord was wrapped around tha arm hold'n tha transduca several times. This ensured that tha transduca would not strike any hard surface should it fizzall n' shit. Once tha motherfucka had bizzy protected in this gangsta a thin laya of cruisin' gel was applied ta tha transmission surface. The wata-based gel allows fo` weed-smokin' of tha ultrasound between tha subject n tha probe n' shit. The ultrasound system was turned on via tha powa switch on tha bizzy of tha system handle . Relax, cus I'm bout to take my respect. The display was then adjusted ta provide tha optimal view'n angle n image quality. The kniznown object phantom was then scanned wit tha hustla probe. The probe was directed ta obtain an image of tha object phantom on tha display screen dogg. A cleara image of tha object was obtained by saggin' tha near, far n overall gain controls . You'se a flea and I'm the big dogg. Once a clear image was obtained, an estimate of tha object size was made using tha scales on tha image display. The edges of tha object wizzy spotted n noted. The phantom characta were displayed on tha screen by adjust'n tha killa angle . Boo-Yaa!. Once tha embedded wanna be gangsta were visible on tha screen, tha image was frozen by press'n tha “Freeze” key. Prior ta freez'n, tha image was zoomed using tha “Zoom” key. The “Zoom” key magnifies images by a factor of two. Once a satisfactory zoom was obtained, tha image was frozen as described crazy ass nigga . Real niggas recognize the realness.. T-H-to-tha-izzen a method fo` frontin' unknown objects was formulated. Next an unknown object phantom was obtained . Ya fuck with us, we gots to fuck you up. The unknown phantom was scanned using a similar procedure as tha known object . It's your homie snoop dogg from the dpg. 3 separate sides were scanned ta ensure that tha phantom was completely scanned n T-H-to-tha-izzat any hidden objects were found. Since tha initial sciznan was only ta find hidden objects, large bustin' increments wizzy used and cant no hood fuck with death rizzow. Once tha hidden object was found, it was rescanned wit gangsta increments ta fizzle a betta image. The object was recreated using hand steppin' n approximate dimensions were noted on tha recreation. The dimensions of tha object were then estimated. Distance measizzles wizzy T-H-to-tha-izzen taken using tha “Measure” key . Bounce wit me. The trackball was used ta position tha fiznirst wanna be gangsta n tha “Select” key was used ta activate tha second cracka. Once tha second calipa was positizzles tha distance was displayed on tha screen thats off tha hook yo. The area n circumference of tha object was measured using tha “Ellipse measizzles function. Again tha trackball was used ta adjust tha size of tha ellipse n shit. A simulizzles of tumor location n biopsy procedure was performed using tha procedure outlined above . Death row 187 4 life. A metal rod was guided ta towards tha object, using tha fact tizzle metal reflects ultrasound n displays brightly on tha image. The phantom was pierced wit tha metal rod n rotated a shawty bit ta betta grab a sample of tha phantom mah nizzle. The rod was carefully witdrawn n tha segment was witdrawn n placed on tha Petri dizzy n examined n shit. In wizzy three, tha lab memba used tha ultrasound drug deala ta takes Doppla measizzles n find tha flizzay velocity of a liquid flow'n through a phantom . I thought i told ya, nigga I'm a soldier. First, tha peristizzle pizzle was connected ta tha “in n out” sections of tha given phantom. The speed of tha pump was set ta at least sizzay n tizzle a killa wit 800 mL of brotha wit 4 grams of amberlite was prepared . I'm a mutha fuckin 2-time felon.. The beaka was placed on a stirra n stirred ta makes sure tha amberlite whizzay is used as a hustla in tha baller did not settle. The rappa was placed over tha surface of tha phantom parallel ta tha flow fo my bling bling. The normal 2D mode was used ta see an image on tha screen . Ill slap tha taste out yo mouf. Once tha plane of tha flizzow was located, tha ultrasound scanna was switched ta color fizzy Doppla (CPD) mode by press'n button “8” on tha nigga. The trackball n select button was tizzle used ta focus in on a good spot in tha middle of tha tube. This Nigga measizzles was used ta calculate tha flizzay velocity of tha gangsta dogg. On tha frozen Playa spectral trace tha “Measure” key was pressed at tha peak of one of tha waves keep'n it real yo. The brotha then displayed tha velocity measizzles in tha top left hand corna of tha screen. Measizzles were taken fo` Pipe 1 F-to-tha-izzirst at speeds 8 n 10 in bizzy tha forward n reverse directions n shit. The same four measizzles were then taken fo` Pipe 2. These measizzles wizzy recorded in tha Data section of this report in Table 1. In week fizzle of tha lab, MATLAB was used ta display a given ultrasonic image, identify thizzay image, Hilbert transform it ta display individual scan lines, n find tha mean of scizzay line cuz I put gangsta rap on tha map. First, a new directory was created ta store all tha provided files. The file “fillinblanks.m” was opened n tha path in tha main command window of MATLAB was changed ta correspond wit tha location of all tha stored files keep'n it real yo. The “load” n “imagesc” commands wizzy used ta load tha “rf.mat” fizzy n tizzle display tha data like old skool shit. Look at tha workspace, whizzat is tha size of tha input image? Whiznich dimension wizzle be tha transduca surface? And whizzich is tha tizzy dimension? I dizzon't know.... Color map was used ta change tha color image ta gray scale n thizzay a title, x-axis label, n y-axis label were added fo' sheezy. Next, tha 128th n 35th rf data lines of tha input dizzle were plotted by using tha “plot” n “hold on” commands. Each of tha plots underwent a Hilbert transform using tha command “b= Hilbert(a)” n shit. The “abs” command isolated tha absolute value of tha data frizzom tha Hilbert transform. The 60th rf data n tha 60th column in tha Hilbert transformed data wizzy opened in a new figure. The “imagesc” command was used again ta display tha Hilbert transformed data. The image was color mapped ta gray scale
n tha .m file n rf data wizzy saved.
Referizzles
[1] L. Brannon-Pizzle BME 251 Undergraduate Laboratory Handbook. Austin. Department
of Biomizzle Pimpin'. 2007, p. 3.1-3.17.
[2] Wikipedia contribizzle "Ultrasound," Wikipizzle The Free Encyclopizzle <http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ultrasound> (accessed March 4,2007).
[3] Ichihara M, Sasaki K, Umemura S, Kushima M, Okai T. Blood Flow Occulsion via Ultrasound Image-Guided High-Intensity Focused Ultrasound n its Effect on Tissue Perfusion fo' sheezy. Ultrasound In Medicine & Biology [Ultrasound Med Biol] 2007 Miznar; Vol. 33 (3), pp n shit. 452-9.


